![]() ![]() Markedly distinct signaling pathways direct differentiation in specific brain regions, resulting in mosaicism of relative maleness, femaleness, and sameness through-out the brain, while canalization both exaggerates and constrains sex differences. ![]() The cellular mechanisms are best modeled in rodents and have provided both unifying principles and surprising specifics. ![]() What we know about the contribution of sex chromosomes is still emerging, highlighting the need to integrate multiple factors into understanding sex differences, including the importance of context. This sexual differentiation of the brain occurs during a sensitive window and induces enduring neuroanatomical and physiological changes that profoundly impact behavior. Brain development diverges in males and females in response to androgen production by the fetal testis. ![]()
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